問 題
次は，共同注意の創発に関する記述であるが，Ａ〜Ｅに当てはまるものの組合せとして最も妥当なのはどれか。なお，Ａに入る用語は，文脈により形容詞又は副詞になるものとする。
Six-month-old infants interact Ａ with objects, grasping and manipulating them, and they interact Ａ with other people, expressing emotions back and forth in a turntaking sequence. If people are around when they are manipulating objects, they mostly ignore them. If objects are around when they are interacting with people, they mostly ignore them.
But at around nine to twelve months of age a new set of behaviors begins to emerge that are not Ａ , like these early behaviors, but are Ｂ in the sense that they involve a coordination of their interactions with objects and people, resulting in a referential triangle of child, adult, and the object or event to which they share attention. Most often the term joint attention has been used to characterize this whole complex of social skills and interactions.
Most prototypically, it is at this age that infants for the first time begin to flexibly and reliably look where adults are looking（ Ｃ ）, to engage with them in relatively extended bouts of social interaction mediated by an object（ Ｄ ）, to use adults as social reference points （social referencing）, and to act on objects in the way adults are acting on them（ Ｅ ）.
In short, it is at this age that infants for the first time begin to ＂tune in＂ to the attention and behavior of adults toward outside entities.
解 説
A,B ですが
「dyadic(ally)」 と 「triadic」 なので、dy,tri,という部分に注目すれば、それぞれ 「2」,「3」という意味を有するとわかるのではないでしょうか。そして、冒頭 Six – month – old infants = ６ヶ月児 が A で、9 ~ 12 ヶ月ぐらいになると B ということなので、 A が dyadic(ally) 、B が triadic と数字が増えていくと判断できるのではないでしょうか。dyadic ・・・二項の triadic ・・・ 三項の といった意味です。正解は 1 ~ 3 です。
C ですが
preferential looking が「選好注視」です。特定の図形パターンを乳児が好むという一般的性質です。C の直前の文章の意味が「大人がみる場所を見る・・・」という内容です。これは「視線追従」です。gaze following が妥当です。正解は 1 です。
D,E について
joint engagement … 共同的かかわり、collective behavior … 集合行動、imitative learning … 模倣学習、insight learning … 洞察学習 です。
以上より、正解は 1 です。
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